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The use of pictograms facilitates the communication of sums of concepts with non-verbal adult autistic persons

Publicada el julio 5, 2023 por AINHOA LÓPEZ-ABADÍA URRESTI

A UPV/EHU research project led by Ikerbasque researcher Agustín Vicente sheds light on the level of understanding of non-verbal adult autistic people.

Adult autistic people without linguistic communication form a group that has hardly been studied, mainly due to the complexity of carrying out research on groups with these characteristics. Now, a group from the UPV/EHU, made up of Ikerbasque professor Agustín Vicente and researchers Natàlia Barbarroja & Elena Castroviejo, have studied the linguistic, conceptual and non-linguistic symbol comprehension abilities of autistic adults who have a minimal vocabulary (comparable to that of a typical two-and-a-half-year-old child). The study involved a small number of participants, eight, and lasted six months.

From left to right, Elena Castroviejo, Agustín Vicente and Natàlia Barbarroja | Photo : Nuria González. UPV/EHU

The study began with an analysis of what words each participant understood and then looked at whether they understood compounds of those words: For example, if they understood «car» and they understood «red», did they understand «red car»? Only one of the participants was able to understand these noun-plus-adjective combinations, despite the fact that, in a previous vocabulary test, the scores obtained showed a vocabulary equivalent to that of a child aged 1 year and two months, in the lowest case, and a child aged 3 years and 10 months, in the highest case. The person who recognised as many words as a 3 year 10 month old did not understand ‘red car’, which is understood by typical 18 month olds and even younger.

They then set out to find out whether this language difficulty was linguistic in nature or whether it could be due to an inability to combine concepts (e.g. the concept of car and the concept of red). To this end, they carried out two more tests: a concept composition test, which showed better results than the linguistic composition test, and the test that obtained the best results, which was that of composing pictograms represented on a tablet through an alternative and augmentative communication system: SAACs.

Once they had learned to communicate with the tablets, the «car+red» composition study was repeated, but with pictograms (car pictogram + red pictogram). Most participants had no problem selecting the red car from the various alternatives.

The study concludes that tests measuring the vocabulary of these people show a linguistic understanding that is not what they actually have. In many cases, they can recognise single words, but not word compounds, let alone sentences. Understanding their real level of language comprehension is essential for relatives and carers, as their comprehension ability is often overestimated and they have the impression that they are understood, when they are not.

On the other hand, the language comprehension test we designed is a very simple tool that allows us to quickly check whether an apparently non-verbal person is able to understand very simple expressions of language and thus get a better idea of what they understand.

Another important aspect that the study shows is that language difficulties may only be linguistic, not thinking difficulties, as has often been believed.

Finally, it also highlights that the use of SAACs is efficient in this population, as pictograms are not only more easily understood than words, but also allow the communication of complex thoughts that cannot be communicated with words. The study suggests that the appropriateness of SAACs for this population not only increases the number of things the person can refer to, but also increases the ability to express thoughts.

L’utilisation de pictogrammes facilite la communication de sommes de concepts avec des adultes autistes non verbaux

Un projet de recherche UPV/EHU dirigé par le chercheur Ikerbasque Agustín Vicente met en lumière le niveau de compréhension des autistes adultes non verbaux.

Les autistes adultes sans communication linguistique forment un groupe très peu étudié, principalement en raison de la complexité de la recherche sur des groupes présentant ces caractéristiques. Aujourd’hui, un groupe de l’UPV/EHU, composé du professeur Ikerbasque Agustín Vicente et des chercheurs Natàlia Barbarroja et Elena Castroviejo, a étudié les capacités linguistiques, conceptuelles et non linguistiques de compréhension des symboles d’adultes autistes ayant un vocabulaire minimal (comparable à celui d’un enfant typique de deux ans et demi). L’étude a porté sur un petit nombre de participants, huit, et a duré six mois.

De gauche à droite, Elena Castroviejo, Agustín Vicente et Natàlia Barbarroja | Photo : Nuria González. UPV/EHU

L’étude a commencé par une analyse des mots que chaque participant comprenait, puis a examiné s’il comprenait des composés de ces mots : par exemple, s’il comprenait «voiture» et «rouge», comprenait-il «voiture rouge» ? Un seul des participants a été capable de comprendre ces combinaisons de noms et d’adjectifs, malgré le fait que, lors d’un test de vocabulaire précédent, les scores obtenus montraient un vocabulaire équivalent à celui d’un enfant âgé d’un an et deux mois, dans le cas le plus bas, et d’un enfant âgé de trois ans et dix mois, dans le cas le plus élevé. La personne qui reconnaissait autant de mots qu’un enfant de 3 ans et 10 mois ne comprenait pas «voiture rouge», qui est compris par des enfants typiques de 18 mois et même plus jeunes.

Ils ont ensuite cherché à savoir si cette difficulté de langage était de nature linguistique ou si elle pouvait être due à une incapacité à combiner des concepts (par exemple le concept de voiture et le concept de rouge). Pour ce faire, ils ont réalisé deux autres tests : un test de composition de concepts, qui a donné de meilleurs résultats que le test de composition linguistique, et le test qui a obtenu les meilleurs résultats, celui de la composition de pictogrammes représentés sur une tablette par le biais d’un système de communication alternative et augmentative : les SAAC.

Après avoir appris à communiquer avec les tablettes, l’étude de composition «voiture+rouge» a été répétée, mais avec des pictogrammes (pictogramme voiture + pictogramme rouge). La plupart des participants n’ont eu aucun problème à sélectionner la voiture rouge parmi les différentes alternatives.

L’étude conclut que les tests mesurant le vocabulaire de ces personnes montrent une compréhension linguistique qui ne correspond pas à la réalité. Dans de nombreux cas, elles peuvent reconnaître des mots isolés, mais pas des composés de mots, et encore moins des phrases. Il est essentiel pour les proches et les soignants de connaître le niveau réel de compréhension linguistique de ces personnes, car leur capacité de compréhension est souvent surestimée et elles ont l’impression d’être comprises, alors que ce n’est pas le cas.

En revanche, le test de compréhension du langage que nous avons conçu est un outil très simple qui nous permet de vérifier rapidement si une personne apparemment non verbale est capable de comprendre des expressions linguistiques très simples et d’avoir ainsi une meilleure idée de ce qu’elle comprend.

Un autre aspect important que l’étude montre est que les difficultés linguistiques peuvent n’être que des difficultés linguistiques, et non des difficultés de pensée, comme on l’a souvent cru.

Enfin, elle souligne également que l’utilisation des SAAC est efficace dans cette population, car les pictogrammes sont non seulement plus faciles à comprendre que les mots, mais ils permettent également de communiquer des pensées complexes qui ne peuvent pas être communiquées avec des mots. L’étude suggère que l’adéquation des SAAC à cette population augmente non seulement le nombre de choses auxquelles la personne peut se référer, mais aussi sa capacité à exprimer ses pensées.

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