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RNA therapies, a present with a bright future

Publicada el junio 27, 2023julio 5, 2023 por AINHOA LÓPEZ-ABADÍA URRESTI

The Basque Country Leads the Way in Advancing RNA Therapies with International Congress and Collaborative Research Efforts

The expression «carrying something in DNA» is a reflection of how widespread knowledge about DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is in society. However, RNA or ribonucleic acid is much less well known. Recently it was known as a ‘copy’ of DNA that carried information to synthesize proteins, but we now know that there are many types of RNA such as messenger RNA (mRNA), short interfering RNAs (siRNA), microRNAs (miRNA) and many others that have different functions related to protein synthesis in the body.

Each of these functions represents a new target with which it is possible to interact to alter protein expression, both by preventing the expression of harmful proteins and by allowing the expression of other necessary proteins. This broad range of activity explains why the designs of new RNA therapeutics have a high potential for both prevention and treatment of a wide range of diseases. The clinical application of such therapies has been made widely available to the population due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Immunization against the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus has been carried out with nucleic acid vaccines, including RNA-based vaccines. In this regard, the high efficacy obtained, and above all, the excellent safety profile shown, is encouraging the rise of new RNA therapies.

The possibilities offered by RNA therapies have revolutionized the approach to the treatment of many diseases, even offering new options for those for which no therapies are currently available. Candidate diseases for RNA therapy can be inherited (e.g., lysosomal storage diseases, muscular dystrophies, cystic fibrosis) or acquired (e.g., cancer, infectious diseases, macular degeneration, neurological diseases such as Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s, among others).

Although most of these new medicines are still under development, in addition to RNA vaccines, several products are already approved for the treatment of rare diseases, such as spinal muscular atrophy or Duchenne muscular dystrophy, but also for much more common diseases, such as therapies for cardiovascular prevention and management of dyslipidemias. Many more RNA therapies are expected to be developed in the coming years: a new class of drugs with great advantages because they are highly specific in their mechanism of action. However, one of the main obstacles to the development of these drugs is the development of an effective and safe delivery system capable of protecting the therapeutic RNA and accessing the site of action, allowing it to exert its effect.

The efficacy of RNA therapies is conditioned by their difficulties in overcoming anatomical and extracellular barriers, which limit their access and thus, their effect on a particular cell. The eye (a very well delimited and small tissue) or blood (easily accessible) is not as accessible as muscle (a very extensive tissue protected by many physical barriers) or the brain (protected by the blood-brain barrier). Lipid nanoparticles, used in COVID-19 vaccines, have been shown to be a highly safe and effective system to deliver these drugs locally, and have also been used for liver-targeted RNA therapies. However, new systems need to be developed in order to deliver therapies that need to be widely distributed to other tissues (e.g., muscle and bone tissue) or to reach hard-to-reach organs (e.g., the brain).

The international congress organized by the UPV/EHU and COST DARTER (European Cooperation Action in Science and Technology; www.antisenserna.eu) was recently held in Bizkaia Aretoa and was attended by 160 people from 17 European countries. The DARTER network of researchers, led by Virginia Arechavala, brings together more than 450 researchers from all over Europe with the common interest of solving the biggest problem for the application of RNA therapies: their poor distribution within the organism. For three days, experts in various fields (the study of diseases and possible target tissues, the chemistry of these nucleic acids, advanced therapies, nanomedicine, and the design and evaluation of new drug delivery systems) shared their knowledge to promote the dissemination of results and the search for synergies in research. Participants at the congress (including research staff, representatives of patient associations and companies) highlighted the quality of the more than 80 oral presentations and 60 posters that sought to promote multidisciplinary collaboration in this field.

Mª Ángeles Solinís Aspiazu. Lecturer at the Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of the Basque Country. Researcher in the PharmaNanoGene group of the UPV/EHU and IIS Bioaraba.

Ainara Vallejo Illarramendi. Permanent researcher in the Department of Paediatrics at the University of the Basque Country. Head of the Neurosciences group at the UPV/EHU and researcher at the IIS Biodonostia.

Olatz Villate. Researcher in the Paediatric Oncology group at IIS Biocruces-Bizkaia.

Virginia Arechavala Gomeza. Researcher Ikerbasque Professor. Head of the Nucleic Acid Therapies for Rare Diseases (NAT-RD) group, IIS Biocruces Bizkaia.

+info: https://www.ehu.eus/es/-/terapias-arn-un-presente-con-mucho-futuro-1

«Un presente con mucho futuro: Terapias ARN»

El País Vasco lidera el avance de las terapias de ARN con un congreso internacional y esfuerzos de investigación colaborativa

La expresión “llevar algo en el ADN” es un reflejo de cuán extendido está el conocimiento sobre el ADN o ácido desoxirribonucleico en la sociedad. Sin embargo, el ARN o ácido ribonucleico es mucho menos conocido. Recientemente se le conocía como una ‘copia’ del ADN que llevaba información para sintetizar proteínas, pero ahora sabemos que hay muchos tipos de ARN como el mensajero (ARNm), los de interferencia siARN (del inglés short interfering), los microARNs (miARN) y muchos otros que presentan diferentes funciones relacionadas con la síntesis de proteínas en el organismo.

Cada una de esas funciones representa una nueva diana con la que es posible interaccionar para alterar la expresión de proteínas, tanto evitando la expresión de proteínas perjudiciales como permitiendo la expresión de otras necesarias. Esa amplia gama de actividad explica que los diseños de nuevas terapias ARN tengan un elevado potencial tanto para la prevención como para el tratamiento de enfermedades muy diversas. La aplicación clínica de esas terapias se ha realizado de manera generalizada a la población debido a la pandemia de la COVID-19. La inmunización frente al coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 se ha realizado con vacunas de ácidos nucleicos, incluyendo las basadas en ARN. En ese sentido, la elevada eficacia obtenida y, sobre todo, el excelente perfil de seguridad mostrado, está fomentando el auge de nuevas terapias ARN.

Las posibilidades que ofrecen las terapias ARN han revolucionado la manera de afrontar el tratamiento de numerosas enfermedades, ofreciendo incluso nuevas opciones a aquellas para las que actualmente no hay terapias disponibles. Las enfermedades candidatas a ser tratadas mediante ARN pueden ser hereditarias (como, por ejemplo, las enfermedades de depósito lisosomal, las distrofias musculares o la fibrosis quística) o adquiridas (como el cáncer, enfermedades infecciosas, degeneración macular o enfermedades neurológicas como el Parkinson o el Alzheimer, entre otras).

Aunque la mayoría de esos nuevos medicamentos estén aún en desarrollo, además de las vacunas ARN, existen ya varios productos aprobados para el tratamiento de enfermedades poco frecuentes, como la atrofia muscular espinal o la distrofia muscular de Duchenne, pero también para otras mucho más frecuentes, como terapias para la prevención cardiovascular y manejo de las dislipemias. Se espera que en los próximos años se desarrollen muchas más terapias ARN: una nueva clase de medicamentos con grandes ventajas por ser muy específicos en su mecanismo de acción. Sin embargo, uno de los principales obstáculos para el desarrollo de esos medicamentos es la obtención de un sistema de administración eficaz y seguro, capaz de proteger el ARN terapéutico y acceder al lugar de acción, permitiendo que ejerza su efecto.

La eficacia de las terapias ARN está condicionada por sus dificultades para superar las barreras anatómicas y extracelulares, que limitan su acceso y, por tanto, su efecto en una célula concreta. No es igual de accesible el ojo (un tejido muy bien delimitado y pequeño) o la sangre (fácilmente accesible), que el músculo (un tejido muy extenso y protegido por muchas barreras físicas) o el cerebro (protegido por la barrera hematoencefálica). Las nanopartículas lipídicas, empleadas en las vacunas COVID-19, han mostrado ser un sistema altamente seguro y eficaz para administrar esos medicamentos de forma local, y también se han utilizado para terapias ARN dirigidas al hígado. Sin embargo, es necesario el desarrollo de nuevos sistemas con el fin de administrar terapias que necesitan distribuirse de manera generalizada a otros tejidos (como, por ejemplo, el músculo y el tejido óseo) o llegar a órganos de difícil acceso (como el cerebro).

Recientemente se celebró en Bizkaia Aretoa el congreso internacional organizado por la UPV/EHU y COST DARTER (Acción de Cooperación Europea en Ciencia y Tecnología; www.antisenserna.eu), que contó con la partición de 160 personas de 17 países europeos. La red de investigadoras e investigadores DARTER, liderada por Virginia Arechavala, aglutina a más de 450 investigadoras e investigadores de toda Europa con el interés común de resolver el mayor problema para la aplicación de las terapias ARN: su mala distribución dentro del organismo. Durante tres días, personal experto en diversos ámbitos (estudio de las enfermedades y posibles tejidos diana, química de esos ácidos nucleicos, terapias avanzadas, nanomedicina, y diseño y evaluación de nuevos sistemas de administración de fármacos) han compartido su conocimiento para fomentar la diseminación de resultados y la búsqueda de sinergias en investigación. Participantes en el congreso (entre quienes se encontraba personal investigador, representantes de asociaciones de pacientes y empresas) destacaron la calidad de las más de 80 presentaciones orales y 60 posters con los que se ha buscado favorecer la colaboración multidisciplinar en ese ámbito.

Mª Ángeles Solinís Aspiazu. Profesora de la Facultad de Farmacia de la Universidad del País Vasco. Investigadora del grupo PharmaNanoGene de la UPV/EHU y del IIS Bioaraba.

Ainara Vallejo Illarramendi. Investigadora permanente del Departamento de Pediatría de la Universidad del País Vasco. Jefa del grupo Neurociencias de la UPV/EHU e investigadora del IIS Biodonostia.

Olatz Villate. Investigadora del grupo Oncología Pediátrica del IIS Biocruces-Bizkaia.

Virginia Arechavala Gomeza. Investigadora Ikerbasque Professor. Jefa del grupo Terapias de Ácidos Nucleicos para Enfermedades Raras (NAT-RD), IIS Biocruces Bizkaia.

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Ildefonso Martínez de la Fuente, EHU-UPV
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CIC ENERGIGUNE
Natalia Andrea Romero. GIIDEBA
Dorleta Jimenez de Aberasturi
Basque Science Woman Women STEM STEAM

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